1.
|
|
The tendency of water molecules to stick together _____. (p. 42)
|
| provides the surface tension that allows some insects to walk on water |
| is called cohesion |
| keeps water moving through the vessels in a tree trunk |
| acts to moderate temperature |
| all of the above |
|
2.
|
|
In a group of water molecules, hydrogen bonds form between _____. (p. 41)
|
| two hydrogen atoms in different water molecules |
| the oxygen atoms in different water molecules |
| the oxygen atom in one molecule and a hydrogen atom in another molecule |
| the hydrogen atoms in a single water molecule |
| none of the above |
|
3.
|
|
What do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to water? (p. 42)
|
| All are results of the structure of the hydrogen atom. |
| All are produced by covalent bonding. |
| All are properties related to hydrogen bonding. |
| All have to do with ionic interactions. |
| All are aspects of a crystalline structure. |
|
4.
|
|
Most of water's unique features (such as its great ability to dissolve other substances, its high boiling point, and its great surface tension) result from the fact that _____. (p. 41)
|
| hydrogen is the only element without any neutrons |
| oxygen attracts electrons more than hydrogen does |
| oxygen has only one stable isotope, but hydrogen has three |
| oxygen has two unfilled electron shells |
| water is a large molecule |
|
5.
|
|
The partial charges on a water molecule occur because of _____. (p. 41)
|
| the unequal sharing of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen |
| the achievement of a stable configuration by one atom of a bond but not by the other partner |
| covalent bonding |
| widespread ionization |
| the high electronegativity of hydrogen |
|
6.
|
|
Water molecules are known for forming hydrogen bonds between themselves and for their ability to dissolve a great variety of substances that have charges or partial charges on their molecules. These two properties are ___________. (p. 41)
|
| both caused by water's ability to form covalent bonds with hydrophobic substances |
| due to water's partial charges and low molecular weight, respectively |
| both caused by water's partial charges |
| both caused by water's two electron shells and the opposite spins of those shells |
| both due to water's low molecular weight |
|
7.
|
|
The phenomenon responsible for the maintenance of a column of water as it moves upward through a vessel is _____. (p. 42)
|
| cohesion |
| adhesion |
| surface tension |
| evaporation |
| heat of vaporization |
|
8.
|
|
Cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about 70% to 95% water. As a result _____. (p. 43)
|
| the temperature of living things tends to change relatively slowly |
| a variety of nutrient molecules are readily available as dissolved solutes |
| waste products produced by cell metabolism can be easily removed |
| dissolved substances can be easily transported within the cell, or between cells in multicellular organisms |
| all of the above |
|
9.
|
|
Water is a polar molecule. This means that _____. (p. 41)
|
| the opposite ends of the molecule have opposite charges |
| water molecules are linear, like a pole |
| water is one of the many hydrophobic molecules |
| the atoms in water have equal electronegativities |
| all of the above |
|
10.
|
|
Water plays many roles in cells. Which of the following is NOT a property of water? (p. 47)
|
| It possesses a high heat capacity. |
| It dissociates completely into H+ and OH-. |
| It readily forms hydrogen bonds with polar and charged molecules. |
| It displays high surface tension. |
| It serves as an excellent solvent for many substances. |
|
11.
|
|
The attraction of unlike substances is termed _____. (p. 42)
|
| specific heat |
| calorie |
| heat of vaporization |
| adhesion |
| cohesion |
|
12.
|
|
Surface tension involves _____. (p. 42)
|
| imbibition |
| adhesion |
| cohesion |
| wetting action |
| none of the above |
|
13.
|
|
Which action would involve the greatest transfer of heat? (p. 43)
|
| changing the temperature of 1 gram of water from 10°C to 90°C |
| cooling 10 grams of water from 80°C to 40°C |
| evaporating 1 gram of water |
| condensing 5 grams of steam to liquid water |
| raising the temperature of 10 grams of ethyl alcohol by 25°C |
|
14.
|
|
Water resists temperature change because _____. (p. 43)
|
| large bodies of water cannot store heat |
| heating water absorbs energy by disrupting the hydrogen bonds before evaporation can occur |
| evaporation of water heats the surface it leaves |
| hydrogen bonding increases water's ability to vaporize |
| none of the above |
|
15.
|
|
The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 g of any substance 1°C is defined as _____. (p. 43)
|
| the specific heat of that substance |
| 1 calorie |
| the heat of vaporization of that substance |
| 1 millijoule |
| molecular cohesion |
|
16.
|
|
The amount of heat required to convert 1 g of any substance from the liquid to the gaseous state is defined as _____. (p. 43)
|
| the specific heat of that substance |
| 1 calorie |
| the heat of vaporization of that substance |
| the heat of fusion of that substance |
| molecular cohesion |
|
17.
|
|
That coastal climates are more moderate than inland climates is due primarily to water's high _____. (p. 43)
|
| heat of fusion |
| surface tension |
| heat of vaporization |
| specific heat |
| density |
|
18.
|
|
Sweating has a cooling effect because of water's high _____. (p. 44)
|
| heat of fusion |
| surface tension |
| heat of vaporization |
| specific heat |
| density |
|
19.
|
|
Water molecules have _____ than molecules of similar size, such as NH3 and methane. (p. 44)
|
| lower specific heat |
| a higher boiling point |
| a lower melting point |
| lower heat of fusion |
| less surface tension |
|
20.
|
|
Because the molecules of water are farther apart in ice than in liquid water, _____. (p. 44)
|
| ice floats |
| ice is denser than liquid water |
| ice expands when it melts |
| ice vaporizes before liquid water does |
| all of the above |
|
21.
|
|
Sucrose has a molecular weight of 342 daltons. To make a 2-molar (2 M) solution of sucrose, _____. (p. 46)
|
| stir 342 grams of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 1 L |
| stir 684 grams of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 2 L |
| stir 684 grams of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 0.5 L |
| stir 342 grams of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 2 L |
| stir 342 grams of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 0.5 L |
|
22.
|
|
A mole of ethyl alcohol weighs 46 grams. How many grams of ethyl alcohol are needed to produce 1 L of a 2-millimolar (2 mM) solution? (p. 46)
|
| 92 g |
| 9.2 g |
| 0.92 g |
| 0.092 g |
| 0.0092 g |
|
23.
|
|
The most widely effective solvent is a material that is _____. (p. 45)
|
| polar |
| nonpolar |
| ionic |
| pigmented |
| volatile |
|
24.
|
|
Nonpolar molecules that cluster away from water are called _____ molecules. (p. 46)
|
| nonhydrated |
| hydrophilic |
| hydrophobic |
| saponified |
| none of the above. |
|
25.
|
|
Hydrophilic substances, but not hydrophobic substances, _____. (p. 46)
|
| have charges and partial charges to which water molecules can adhere |
| have a higher bond energy than water |
| give up electrons to solvents |
| accept electrons from solvents |
| a repelled by water |
|
26.
|
|
A molecule that has all nonpolar covalent bonds would be _____. (p. 46)
|
| hydrophobic |
| hydrophilic |
| acidic |
| basic (alkaline) |
| ionic |
|
27.
|
|
Hydrophobic molecules are _____ water. (p. 46)
|
| attracted to |
| absorbed by |
| repelled by |
| mixed with |
| polarized by |
|
28.
|
|
Sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves in water because water molecules _____. (p. 45)
|
| have a high specific heat |
| lose electrons |
| are polar |
| have a pH near 7 |
| are less dense than NaCl molecules |
|
29.
|
|
Some substances, such as oil and gasoline, will not dissolve in water because _____. (p. 46)
|
| their molecules are so large |
| their molecules have no charges or partial charges to which water molecules can adhere |
| they do not ionize |
| their electrons are so stable that they do not exchange with water molecules |
| oil and gasoline are organic compounds |
|
30.
|
|
Adding acid tends to ____ of a solution. (p. 47)
|
| increase the hydrogen ion concentration and raise the pH |
| increase the hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH |
| decrease the hydrogen ion concentration and raise the pH |
| decrease the hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH |
| either increase or decrease the pH, depending on the original acidity |
|
31.
|
|
Which of the following dissociations is that of an acid? (p. 47)
|
| H2O --> H+ + OH- |
| NaOH --> Na+ + OH- |
| HF --> H+ + F- |
| NH3 + H+ --> NH4+ |
| HCO3- + H+ --> H2CO3 |
|
32.
|
|
A glass of grapefruit juice, at pH 3, contains _____ H+ as a glass of tomato juice, at pH 4. (p. 48)
|
| one-tenth as much |
| half as much |
| twice as much |
| three times as much |
| ten times as much |
|
33.
|
|
A solution at pH 6 contains ____ than the same amount of solution at pH 8. (p. 48)
|
| 2 times more H+ |
| 4 times more H+ |
| 100 times more H+ |
| 4 times less H+ |
| 100 times less H+ |
|
34.
|
|
An acid is _____. (p. 47)
|
| any compound with a pH |
| any compound that accepts hydrogen ions |
| a material that resists pH changes |
| a compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution |
| a solution with a pH between 7 and 14 |
|
35.
|
|
Something that resists a change in pH is called a(n) _____. (p. 49)
|
| isoproton |
| buffer |
| proton sink |
| acid |
| base |
|
36.
|
|
Adding a base tends to _____ of a solution. (p. 47)
|
| lower hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH |
| lower hydrogen ion concentration and increase the pH |
| increase hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH |
| increase the hydrogen ion concentration and increase the pH |
| lower the hydroxide ion concentration and lower the pH |
|
37.
|
|
When pH shifts from 7 to 3, how has the hydrogen ion concentration changed? (p. 48)
|
| It has increased by 4 times. |
| It has decreased by 4 times. |
| It has increased by 10,000 times. |
| It has decreased by 10,000 times. |
| It has not changed. |
|
38.
|
|
Pure water has a pH of 7, but "acid rain" has a pH close to 3. This means that acid rain has a concentration of hydrogen ions that is __________ times the hydrogen ion concentration of pure water. (p. 48)
|
| 0.0001 |
| 0.25 |
| 4 |
| 10,000 |
| -4 |
|
39.
|
|
Three or four of the following statements correctly describe the characteristics of a buffer. Which one, if any, does NOT correctly describe a buffer? If ALL the statements correctly describe a buffer, choose answer (5). (p. 49)
|
| A buffer can accept H+ ions when needed. |
| A buffer can donate H+ ions when needed. |
| A buffer resists changes in pH. |
| A buffer is only partly dissociated. |
| All the above statements correctly describe a buffer. |
|
40.
|
|
Which of the following statements is true about acid precipitation? (p. 49)
|
| It can be eliminated if we burn fossil fuels instead of using solar or nuclear power. |
| It affects bodies of water but has little effect on the land. |
| It has the most pronounced effect on lakes and streams in the early spring. |
| Building taller smokestacks can clean it up. |
| None of the above. |
